There’s a special category of corporate lies that aren’t recognized as such because they come wrapped in numbers. KPIs belong to that category. In theory, a KPI is a key performance indicator: a metric selected with purpose to measure whether you’re moving toward an objective that makes business sense. In practice, the KPIs in most marketing departments are a collection of figures that sound good in presentations and mean absolutely nothing about whether the work you’re doing actually matters.
This is that guide. The honest one. The one nobody gives you during onboarding.
Impressions: The KPI Everyone Has and Nobody Knows What to Do With
Impressions are the number of times your ad or content appeared on a screen. Not the number of times someone saw it. Not the number of times someone cognitively processed it. The number of times it appeared somewhere on some screen, possibly while the person was looking at something else, thinking about dinner, or about to close the app.
Impressions are useful for one thing: making the person who holds the budget feel like something happened. “We reached 4.7 million impressions” sounds like an achievement. But if each of those 4.7 million impressions lasted 0.3 seconds in the peripheral vision of someone reading something else, what you have is 4.7 million moments in which your brand didn’t exist for anyone.
Use them as context. Never as a result.
Engagement Rate: The Most Manipulable Metric in the Ecosystem
Engagement rate — the interaction rate relative to reach or impressions — is the favorite metric of community managers and the easiest to inflate with content that has nothing to do with business objectives. A cat meme has spectacular engagement rate. A well-executed product campaign can have a mediocre engagement rate and sell three times as much.
The problem with engagement rate as a primary KPI is that it optimizes for cheap attention, not useful attention. If your objective is for people to remember your brand and associate it with something specific, engagement from generic entertainment content doesn’t move you one centimeter toward that goal. It moves you toward having more likes from people who will never buy anything from you.
Engagement rate only matters if you know what type of engagement you’re measuring and if that type of interaction has a demonstrated correlation with something your business actually cares about. In most cases, it doesn’t.
Brand Awareness: The KPI Where Campaigns Go to Die When They Have No Real Objective
“The objective of this campaign is to increase brand awareness.” This sentence has justified more wasted budgets than any other in the history of modern marketing. Not because awareness is irrelevant — it isn’t — but because “increasing awareness” without a baseline metric, a target metric, a defined segment, and a concrete timeline isn’t an objective. It’s an excuse with better presentation.
How do you measure awareness? Depends who you ask. For some, it’s spontaneous brand recognition in surveys. For others, it’s direct brand name searches. For others, it’s weighted reach within the target. None of those metrics are bad in themselves, but when the KPI is simply “awareness” without specifying what awareness, among whom, measured how, compared to what current baseline — what you have is an objective designed to resist honest evaluation.
If someone tells you the campaign objective is awareness, ask immediately: awareness of what, among whom, measured how, and compared to what current number? If they don’t have an answer, the campaign objective isn’t awareness. The objective is to have no objective.
CTR: The Click Rate That Doesn’t Tell You If You Matter
Click-Through Rate measures what percentage of people who saw your ad clicked on it. It’s a reasonably useful indicator of whether the ad is relevant or compelling enough to generate immediate action. But it becomes an absurd KPI when used as the final success measure, disconnected from what happens after the click.
A 3% CTR on an ad that leads to a landing page with 0.5% conversion rate is a worse result than a 1% CTR on an ad that leads to a landing page with 4% conversion rate. But if the report KPI is CTR, the first ad looks like the winner. That’s the kind of distortion you get from optimizing for the wrong metric.
The KPIs That Actually Matter (And Why Nobody Wants to Talk About Them)
The indicators that genuinely matter are the ones that connect marketing work to measurable business outcomes. They’re not glamorous. They don’t produce the best slides. But they’re the only ones that tell you whether what you’re doing is working or not.
Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC): How much does it cost you to get a new customer? If this number rises without the customer lifetime value (LTV) rising proportionally, you have a problem. If it falls, you’re doing something right.
Retention and repurchase rate: What percentage of your customers come back to buy again? This metric says more about the real health of a brand than any awareness or engagement indicator.
Actual revenue attribution: What percentage of the period’s revenue can be at least partially attributed to specific marketing actions? Yes, attribution is complicated and no model is perfect. That’s not an excuse for not trying.
NPS with context: Not the NPS as an abstract number that rises and falls without explanation, but with follow-up on the reasons behind low scores and an actual plan to address them.
Why Bad KPIs Are So Popular
Vanity metrics are popular for the same reason vague briefs are popular: they distribute responsibility without anyone having to own too much. If the KPI is “increase awareness” and impressions rose 15% at the end of the quarter, everyone can celebrate without anyone having to answer whether any of it contributed to the business.
Real KPIs — the ones connected to actual results — are uncomfortable because they can tell you that you failed. And failing on a metric that matters is harder to explain than not reaching an objective nobody defined properly in the first place.
If you’ve sat through meetings where dashboards full of metrics that connect to nothing get presented as wins, if you’ve endured reports where impressions are the headline and conversion is a footnote, if you’ve known for years that something in the system is broken but nobody says it out loud — this one’s for you.
Head over to the NoBriefs shop. Merch for creatives who still remember what they’re actually supposed to be working toward.
